Narration/Speech : What are the Rules of Narration | Narration Rules | Study Corner

Narration or Speech ( উক্তি ) :- আমি কোৱা কথাকে Speech বোলে ।

     Types of Narration or Speech :-

a) Direct Speech ( প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি )

b) Indirect Speech ( পৰোক্ষ উক্তি )

What is direct speech ?

Direct Speech :- যেতিয়া বক্তাই (speaker) কোৱা কথাখিনি হুবহু তেনেদৰেই প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়, তেতিয়া তাক Direct Speech বোলে । যেনে-

He says, “I am a student.”

যিকোনো Speech ৰ দুটাকৈ clause থাকে ।
যিটো clause এ report কৰে অৰ্থাৎ জনাই দিয়ে
তাক reporting clause (he says) বোলে । আনহাতে, reporting clause এ যি report কৰে
তাক reported clause(I am a student) বোলে । Direct Speech ৰ reporting clause টো এটা
Comma ৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। আনহাতে, reported clause টো inverted comma ৰ ভিতৰত থাকে।

What is indirect speech ?

Indirect Speech :- যেতিয়া বক্তাই কোৱা কথাখিনিৰ অৰ্থৰ কোনো পৰিবৰ্তন নকৰাকৈ আনৰ ভাষাত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়, তেতিয়া তাক Indirect Speech বোলে । ইয়াত কোনো ধৰণৰ comma বা inverted comma ব্যৱহাৰ নহয় ।Indirect Speech ৰ দুয়োটা clause ক 'that' বা আন conjunction ৰে সংযোগ কৰা হয় ।
যেনে-

He says that he is a student.

Direct Speech ৰ পৰা Indirect Speech লৈ
পৰিবৰ্তন কৰাৰ নিয়মসমূহ ( Rules of direct speech to indirect speech ) :-

Note ):- Reporting clause টো Present Tense বা Future Tense ত থাকিলে Indirect Speech ত Reported clause ৰ Tense ৰ কোনো পৰিবৰ্তন নহয় । কেৱল Pronouns ৰ হে পৰিবৰ্তন হয় ।Direct Speech ৰ sentence টো Assertive হলে Indirect Speech কৰোতে clause দুটাৰ মাজত that ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । Reporting clause ৰ verb টোৰ যদি object থাকে তেন্তে 'say to' ৰ সলনি tell ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । যেনে-

He says, “I am going to school.”

= He says that he is going to school.

Raju is saying to me, “You are a good boy.”

= Raju is telling me that I am a good boy.

She has said, “I am writing a letter.”

= She has said that she is writing a letter.

The players will say, “We must win the match.”

= The players will say that they must win the match.

N.B.) Direct ৰ পৰা Indirect কৰোতে Pronoun
বোৰৰ তলত দিয়া ধৰণে পৰিবৰ্তন হয়---

Direct Speech            Indirect Speech
------------------                 --------------------
I                                    he/she
Me                                him/her
My                                his/her
We                                they
Us                                 them
Our                               their
You (sub)                     I/we/he/she/they
You (obj)                      me/us/him/her/them
Your                             my/our/his/her/their

Ram says, “I like dancing.”

= Ram says that he likes dancing.

Sita has said, “I have eaten rice.”

= Sita has said that she has eaten rice.

He says, “I play football.”

= He says that he plays football.

N.B.) Direct Speech ৰ Reporting Clause টো Past tense ত থাকিলে Indirect কৰোতে Reported Clause তলত দিয়া ধৰণে পৰিবৰ্তন হয়----

Direct                                   Indirect
---------------                           ----------------
Present Indefinite           Past Indefinite
Present Continuous        Past Continuous
Present Perfect                Past Perfect
Present per. Cont.           Past per. Cont.
Past Indefinite                 Past Perfect
Past Continuous              Past Per. Cont.
Past Perfect                      Past Perfect
Shall                                   Should/would
Will                                    Would
May                                    Might
Can                                     Could

He said, “I sing a song.”

= He said that he sang a song.

Ram said, “I am playing hockey.”

= Ram said that he was playing hockey.

She said to me, “I have drunk tea.”

= She told me that she had drunk tea.

Rahim said, “I have been singing a song.”

= Rahim said that he had been singing a song.

Gita said, “I was doing the work. ”

= Gita said that she had been doing the work.

Robin said, “I shall go to school. ”

= Robin said that he would go to school.

He said to me, “Your father is my uncle. ”

= He told me that my father was his uncle.

N.B.) Direct Speech ৰ Reporting Clause টো Past tense ত থাকিলে Indirect কৰোতে Time আৰু Place বুজোৱা word বোৰ তলত দিয়া ধৰণে পৰিবৰ্তন হয়-

Direct                         Indirect
-----------                       -------------
Now                              then

Today                           that day

To-night                       that night

Tomorrow                   the next day

Next day/week/         the following day/
 month/year                week/month/year

Yesterday                    the previous day/the
                                      day before

Last week                    the previous week

Last year                     the previous year

Last night                   the previous night

Ago                              before

Here                             there

Come                           go

This                              that

These                           those

যেনে --

He said to me, “You will come here tomorrow.”

= He told me that I should go there the next day.

He said, “I shall do this next month.”

= He said that he would do that the following month.

He said to me, “I want to know your address.”

= He told me that he wanted to know my address.

Rani said, “I went to Barpeta yesterday.”

= Rani said that she had gone to Barpeta
the previous day.

Rahul said to me, “I am driving a car now.”

= Rahul told me that he was driving a car
then.

Note):- Reporting Speech টো Past Tense ত থাকিলেও Reported Speech টোৱে যদি Unive-rsal Truth বা Habitual Action বুজায়, তেন্তে Indirect কৰোতে Reported Speech ৰ Tense ৰ কোনো পৰিবৰ্তন নহয়। কেৱল Pronoun ৰ হে পৰিবৰ্তন হয় । যেনে-

Teacher said, “Man is mortal.”

= Teacher said that man is mortal.

He said, “Milk is white.”

= He said that milk is white.

She said to me, “I play football everyday.”

= She told me that she plays football everyday.

The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”

= The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

Note):- Reporting Speech ৰ Sentence টো যদি Interrogative বা Question ত থাকে, তেন্তে Indirect কৰোতে Reporting Verb 'say' ৰ সলনি ask/ enquire of হয় । Question টো যদি Auxiliary Verb(am, is are, was, have, etc) ৰে আৰম্ভ হয়, তেন্তে দুয়োটা Clause ৰ মাজত if/ whether বহে। আনহাতে, Question টো যদি 'Wh' যুক্ত(what, who, how, when, etc.) হয় তেন্তে Clause দুটাৰ মাজত কোনো Conjunction ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহয় । গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কথাটো হল যে Indirect Speech ত Sentence টো সদায় Assertive form ত লিখিব লাগে । যেনে-

He said to me, “Are you a singer?”

= He asked me if I was a singer.

Raj said to me, “Which pen do you need?”

= Raj asked me which pen I needed.

Ram said to Jeewan, “Where are you going now?”

= Ram asked Jeewan where she was going then.

Ram said to Rahim, “Have you finished the work?”

= Ram asked Rahim if he had finished the work.

He said to me, “Am I correct?”

= He asked me if he was correct.

Note):- Imperative Sentence ক Indirect কৰোতে বক্তাৰ কথাৰ উদ্দেশ্য অনুসৰি Reporting Verb 'say' ৰ সলনি order/command, request, advise ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । আদেশ বুজালে order/command, অনুৰোধ বুজালে request, আৰু উপদেশ বুজালে advise ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । Indirect ত দুয়োটা Clause ৰ মাজত 'to' বহে আৰু Reported Speech ৰ Tense ৰ কোনো পৰিবৰ্তন নহয় । যেনে-

The teacher said to the boy, “Get out from here.”

= The teacher ordered the boy to get out from there.

He said to me, “Pardon me please.”

= He requested me to pardon him.

Principal said to me, “Attend your class regularly.”

= Principal advised me to attend my class regularly.

He said to me, “Do the work immediately.”

= He ordered me to do the work immediately.

Note):- Reported Speech টো যদি Let's/Let us ৰে আৰম্ভ হয় Indirect কৰোতে Reporting Verb 'say' ৰ সলনি Suggest to/Propose to ব্যৱহাৰ হয়৷ Clause দুটাৰ মাজত that হয় আৰু subject ৰ পিছত should ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় ।

      আকৌ Let এ যদি অনুমতি বুজায়, তেন্তে subject ৰ পিছত may be allowed ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । যেনে-

My friend said to me, “Let us go for a walk.”

= My friend suggested to me that we should go for a walk.

Raju said to Biju, “Let's go for a picnic.”

= Raju proposed to Biju that they should go for a picnic.

Mother said, “Let him go.”

= Mother said that he might be allowed to go. Or

= Mother said that he might go.

Sapna said to Minakshi, “Let me use your phone.”

= Sapna told Minakshi that she might be allowed to use her phone.

Note):- Optative Sentence বোৰক Indirect কৰোতে বক্তাৰ উদ্দেশ্য অনুসৰি Reporting Verb 'say' ৰ সলনি wish, pray আদি Verb ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । Clause দুটাৰ মাজত that ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । যেনে -

They said, “May our President live long.”

= They wished that their President might live long.

The old man said, “May God bless you.”

= The old man wished that God might bless me.

Mother said, “May you be happy.”

= Mother prayed that I might be happy.

He said to the teacher, “Good morning sir.”

= He wished the teacher good morning.

Note):- Exclamatory Sentence ক Indirect কৰোতে বক্তাৰ মনোভাৱ অনুসৰি Reporting Verb 'say' ৰ সলনি দুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে exclaim with sorrow/grief, আশ্চৰ্য্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে exclaim with surprise/wonder/astonish, সুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে exclaim with happiness/ joy আদি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । Interjection বোৰ নোহোৱা কৰি Clause দুটাৰ মাজত that ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । যেনে -

She said, “How beautiful the flower is!”

= She exclaimed with surprise that the flower was very beautiful.

He said, “Alas, my father is dead!”

= He exclaimed with sorrow that his father was dead.

They said, “Hurrah, our team has won the match!”

= They exclaimed with joy that their team had won the match.

Rita said, “What a beautiful bird this is!”

= Rita exclaimed with surprise that that was a very beautiful bird.

He said, “What a fool I am!”

= He exclaimed with regret that he was a great fool.

N.B.) Exclamatory Sentence টো What/How
শব্দৰে আৰম্ভ কৰিলে Indirect ত উক্ত শব্দৰ সলনি Very/great বহুৱাব লাগে ।